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Home Page > Contact Us > Tire Knowledge > Structure of radial tire
Structure of radial tire
Radial tire was firstly found in a world famous tire factory-- France Michelin Tire Corp. in 1946, which once was a small agricultural plant co-established by Barbier (the grandfather of Michelin brothers) and Daubree at Clermont Ferrand. At first, it made rubber balls and invented bicycle tire that could be changed within 15 minutes and obtained champion by it on one bicycle match. In 1946, they invented the radial tire.

The birth of radial tire symbolizes tire industry entering into a new era. Here, thank France Michelin Tire Corp. for making such great contribution to world tire history.
The bead of radial tire is arranged by the center spot and hooped by 10°to 20°. (The angle of steel belt inner wire)
Radial tire is made by nylon and rayon mostly, but that for trucks and heavy load vehicles are made by steel. Besides, the compound and material are changed with various functions and forces.

Here are the compounds to different tire positions.

1. Tread compound
Tire tread will contact with road directly, so it should have better wear resistance, lower rolling resistance and lower noise as well as better heat and puncture resistance. In addition, the radial tire’s little buffer can bear more loads, especially on poor roads. Tread compound should have good flexibility, high fatigue resistance and anti-aging performance. Hence the materials of it should be very particular.

2. Sidewall compound
The side bending deformation of radial tire is bigger than that of bias tire. Therefore, bending deformation resistant rubber should be used. In addition, the sidewall easily cracks in effects of ozone and also will bear greater mechanical deformation. Therefore, sidewall compound should have lower tensile strength, superb fatigue resistant and ozone-resistant performance.

3. Belt compound
Radial tire belt layer should bear higher shearing stress than bias tire buffer layer, as well as achieve gentle transition to hard buffer layer and eliminate void phenomenon of tire shoulder. Therefore, belt compound should have higher strength, fatigue resistance, heat resistance and viscosity.

4. Carcass ply compound
Radial tire carcass has larger circumferential deformation and shear deformation along the cord than bias tire, therefore, ply compound should have higher strength, fatigue resistance, heat resistance and viscosity as well as high cohesion.

5. Shoulder pad compound
Shoulder pad compound should separate ply and buffer layer so as to make hard tread transit to soft sidewall gently and absorb the shoulder stress at dynamic condition as well as reduce the risk of shoulder void. Due to shoulder pad compound located at high stress area, it should have high fatigue resistance and viscosity.

6. Bead filer
In order to improve bead and achieve rigid transition to tire tread, bead filer with higher or different hardness will be filled into the bead so as to ensure gentle transition from steel bead to soft tread. In addition, it can offer good viscosity.
As our understanding about different compounds, we can know that radial tire is very complex and difficult to manufacture. Additionally, it needs strict production technique, advanced equipment, fine material and strict management and test method. So we can say it’s the wisdom of human being.

According to different belt layers and beads, radial tire can be divided into all-steel radial tire, steel wire belt fiber carcass radial tire (semi-steel radial tire) and all-fiber radial tire.

Heavy load trucks use all-steel radial tire or semi-steel radial tire; light trucks use semi-steel radial tire generally and passenger cars often use semi-steel radial tire and all-fiber radial tire.

Many drivers do not have enough knowledge about the tires on his vehicles. If different carcass tires are used on one car, it will affect performance. Hence, before tire changing, you’d better know what kinds of tires are used and choose a same one.

Here is different material’s representation on tire sidewall:
STEEL
NYLON
POLYESTER

The structure information will be impressed on tire sidewall clearly, namely, xx layers of treads and sidewalls.
For example: PLIES(2POLYESTER+2STEEL+NYLON) on Japan Toyo Tire 195／50R15 T1 means the tire is a semi-steel radial tire and its tread is consisted of 2 layers polyester, 2 layers steel and nylon.
TREAD：2PLIES POLYESTER
2PLIES STEEL
SIDEWALL：2PLIES POLYESTER
Also, Shanghai Warrior 185／70R13 Tire:
TREAD: 2PLIES POLYESTER
Tread layer polyester
2PLIES STEEL
Layer steel
SIDEWALL: 2PLIES POLYESTER
Sidewall layer polyester
It refers that tire tread is made by two layer polyester and two layer steel and sidewall by tow layer polyester.
TREAD：POLYESTER1 + STEEL2 + NYLON2
Another one, Japan Yokohama Tire 185／70R14(88H707:
TREAD: POLYESTER1 + STEEL2 + NYLON2
Tread one polyester two layers steel two layers nylon
It means tire tread is consisted of polyester, two layers steel and two layers nylon.
TREAD：3PLIES 1POLYESTER+2STEEL
SIDEWALL：1POLYESTERFinally, such as America Goodyear 185/70R13(86S) Tire
TREAD; 3PLIES 1POLYESTER+2STEEL
SIDEWALL: 1POLYESTER

The tread is made by polyester and two layers steel; and sidewall by polyester.

More layers of tread can offer high puncture resistance and heavy load capacity but short for its slow heat transfer. Fewer layers of tread will cause poor tensile strength, easy puncture and poor impact ability but features by good heat transfer and shock absorption performance.

After detailed understanding about tire, you can choose a suitable one by your own experience.
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